From Mixed Household Waste to Source-Separated Resource Recovery: Generation, Composition, Density, and Energy Characteristics in Kalibeji Village
Main Article Content
Fakhmi Ziadatul Barqah
Hijrah Purnama Putra
Fajri Mulya Iresha
Background: Rural communities in Indonesia often rely on mixed-waste disposal or incineration despite limited information on the physical, compositional, and energy characteristics of household waste. Understanding these characteristics is essential for developing technically appropriate and resource-oriented waste management systems.
Aims: This study aimed to characterize household waste in Kalibeji Village, Kebumen Regency, Indonesia, and to evaluate a technically appropriate waste management pathway based on waste generation, composition, density, moisture content, ash content, calorific value, and the relationship between household expenditure and waste generation.
Methods: Household waste characterization was conducted over eight consecutive days based on SNI 3964:2025. Waste generation, bulk density, and physical composition were measured, while laboratory analyses were conducted to determine moisture content, ash content, and calorific value. The relationship between monthly household expenditure and waste generation was evaluated using regression analysis.
Results: Household waste generation averaged 0.41 kg capita⁻¹ day⁻¹, equivalent to approximately 2.13 t day⁻¹ at the village scale. The average bulk density was 138.59 kg m⁻³. Organic waste dominated the waste stream, accounting for 71.24%. Laboratory analysis indicated a high moisture content of 53.3%, an ash content of 7.75%, and an LHV range of 1,944.78cal g⁻¹. Regression analysis showed a statistically significant positive relationship between household expenditure and waste generation (p = 0.0384). The high proportion of organic waste and moisture content indicates that mixed-waste incineration is not the most technically appropriate primary treatment pathway for Kalibeji Village. A source-separated system should instead prioritize household-scale biological treatment of organic waste through composting or Black Soldier Fly (BSF) bioconversion, recovery of dry recyclables, and controlled handling of residual and household hazardous waste. The study demonstrates that village-scale waste characterization can provide an evidence-based foundation for transitioning from mixed-waste disposal toward an integrated rural resource-recovery system.
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